The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris, lit. 'Our Lady of Paris', originally titled Notre-Dame de Paris. 1482) is a French Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The novel has been described as a key text in French literature and has been adapted for film over a dozen times, as well as numerous television and stage adaptations, such as a 1923 silent film with Lon Chaney, a 1939 sound film with Charles Laughton, and a 1996 Disney animated film. The novel sought to preserve values of French culture in a time period of great change, the French Revolution which resulted in the destruction of many French Gothic cathedrals and churches threatened to trivialise the vibrancy of 15th century France. The novel made Notre-Dame De Paris a national icon and served as a catalyst into a renewed interest in the restoration of Gothic form.